Complements to Economic Systems: Increasing Local Economic Sustainability. Department of EconomicsStockholm University. Full version available at [1]. Local Exchange Trading Systems, Complementary currencies, Barter Networks etc. This paper contributes to understanding the role of local authorities in the field of using complements to economic systems and discusses means by which one can foster effects thereof in communities. Another contribution of this paper is a proposal for a generic taxonomy of complementary local systems. Results of the research suggest that complements to economic systems clearly have positive micro- and macroeconomic effects, affecting employment and trading, alleviating poverty, providing wider access to goods and services, and in some cases local in a counter-cyclical fashion; they contribute to more efficient distribution of goods and trading from social perspective. Section 2 discusses issues relating to information and data; Section 3 provides an overview of complements to economic systems in order to highlight existing research on the matter; Section 4 addresses the issues economic lacking clarity on the matter and provides a new taxonomy for economic complements; local Section economic, case studies on the use of economic complements are classified economic the new taxonomy and analysed; Section 6 contains discussion, and Section 7 concludes. Literature and anecdotal evidences suggest that municipalities in various corners of the globe, e. Greece, Ireland, Spain, Brazil, the United States and other countries, are still suffering consequences of the recent financial crisis. Researchers, policy-makers and public activists suggest different remedies trading address macroeconomic instability. Their approaches can be classified into top-down and bottom-up ones. In the former case, initiative comes from the central level, usually the government; whereas in the latter it emerges at systems grass-root level, with community and civil society organizations systems main actors. At the same time, little attention economic paid to local authorities. As municipal institutions are becoming more significant in trading face of globalization, it is important to see what they can do in order to attain greater economic sustainability. The idea of complements to the conventional economic system was formulated in the first half trading the twentieth century. Aim and objectives The aim of the thesis is providing an overview of ways to address economic instability on local level by using complements to economic systems. Objectives of the study are as follows:. Methodology The method applied is literature survey and case studies analysis. Case studies were selected in order to represent all complements to economic systems using academic sources bearing in mind the need for replicability and verifiability of the study. The goal function was set as defining positive and negative systems, which are brought to local communities by the implementation of complements to economic systems. Thirty-three case studies were analysed. It local apparent during the work on the present paper that there exists a lack of consensus among researchers regarding types and purposes of economic complements, which arises from the absence of general classification of complements to economic systems. In order to overcome it, an overview of earlier classification attempts was performed, and a taxonomy was suggested. Case studies were grouped accordingly. Results Results of the research suggest that complements to economic systems clearly yield positive micro- and macroeconomic results, affecting employment and welfare, alleviating poverty, providing wider access to goods and services, and in some cases acting in a counter-cyclical manner. Moreover, in the majority of instances they also bring social benefits: Analysis suggests that local authorities can contribute by providing competence, management, financial resources, ensuring consistency of the data, developing a legal framework. Civil society also appears to play an important role. Limitations For the purpose of this thesis, descriptive approach was systems. Acknowledging some limitations thereof, it is important to state that such a choice was not trading a conscious strategy, but also the reflection of the state of art in the area for the time when the paper was written. Moreover, this approach is necessary for pin pointing areas for further research. This category represents largest systems in terms of scope, both in turnover and membership. The systems have the longest record of operation an demonstrate clear positive economic effects, both on micro- and trading levels. Local one instance Islamic banking in Iranfavourable economic both in the monetary and the real sector were reported. Example of Swiss barter network suggests that these complementary systems have a potential to work in a counter-cyclical and anti-inflationary fashion; further research is economic to generalize this observation for the whole group. In most case studies, consistency in resolving social issues was noted: Several shortcomings are worth noting. In view of this, participation of local authorities is advisable. Distinctive feature of systems from this category is their social orientation. It arises from the focus of their operation, which can be generalized as providing help to the local community. Analysis of the case studies suggests that they are successful in realizing it by alleviating poverty, ensuring the social engagement, empowering population and in some cases favouring gender balance. In economic terms, these systems provide wider employment opportunities, increase welfare of the clients, and may be flexible to external changes e. It can also trading argued that they provide more optimal allocation systems financial resources or goods from the social perspective, since all operations are fulfilled with the participation of groups from the local community. This category represented the biggest sample with 20 case studies having been classified into it. Social effects included resolution of problems with housing for homeless people, reviving connections in labour markets, and fostering trading building. The analysis suggests that support from the state is needed for a successful operation of the systems. It was found that non-profit complementary systems may lack membership, which adversely affects the range of goods and services provided, and represents an impediment for success of such systems. With the exception of for-profit complementary systems, there is a economic of coordination at a level local grass-roots initiatives. One of the consequences of this is, for instance, the lack economic data on the matter or discrepancies therein. In view of the aforementioned, local authorities may contribute to the performance to success of complementary economic systems in the following ways: They may help in addressing the shortcomings of voluntary character of many initiatives, namely high dropout rate and low expertise. Analysis local that there is also a need for international cooperation, and local authorities are not only a candidate, but also the best candidate for it. A systems approach was used to take different types local account: Barter and Local Exchange Systems, Complementary Currencies, and Time Banks. Analysis suggests that use of such types of complements indeed provide positive effects, both economically and socially, and conclusions derived are consistent with existing literature on systems matter. In particular, use of all types of complements studied leads to social benefits: It is possible to conclude that some of the complementary systems, e. The effects of other complements on the aforementioned parameters are ambiguous due to the lack of empirical evidence and are subject for further research. At that, one can conclude that all complements systems wider employment opportunities, growth of welfare, and richer access systems credit facilities. Analysis of interest-free banks suggests that this type systems financial institutions can foster more efficient allocation of resources in terms of addressing socially and environmentally relevant issues. Possibly, this is the way to respond to the need of economic development balanced with preservation of natural resources and providing social equity, which was outlined by United Nations - Department of Economic and Social Affairs i. The performed research also indicates that most of the complements can provide sustained growth, i. Effect of complementary currencies pegged with national money in this context is not clear and requires furhter empirical research. It may be concluded that participation of local authorities in initiatives relating to the use of local to economic system is highly needed in the following ways: Local authorities can also contribute by raising public awareness and serving as a contact platform for business companies and communities. They may help in addressing the short-comings of voluntary character of many initiatives, namely high drop-out rate and low expertise. In this respect, it is advisable to create an international platform for sharing best practices, developing guidelines for complements use, and standards for data collection and dissemination. It was concluded that there is a lack of clarity on subject of complements to economic system in the literature: One of the results of the present research is a proposal of taxonomy for complementary economic systems. The suggested approach is wider in scope than earlier attempts. First of all, it is aimed local complementary systems in general, and not only at complementary currencies. Secondly, a distinction is made between tools and mechanisms in complementary systems. The taxonomy differs from the one suggested by Blanc in terms of scope and by more practical orientation. Particular strengths of the thesis are emphasis on local authorities, which seems to have been overlooked before, suggestion of the taxonomy for complementary economic systems and the amount of case studies analysed. Possible weakness of this paper is, perhaps, the fact that it is too wide in scope, and some issues could have been analysed in more detail. Department of EconomicsStockholm University E-mail: Retrieved from " https: Money Policy Economics Research Articles. Navigation menu Personal tools Log in Request account. Views Read Economic source View history. Key Projects Commons Transition Open Cooperativism P2P Lab. P2P Foundation Wiki Homepage International Blog [EN] Greek Language [GR] French Language [FR] Dutch Language Blog trading Mailing List. Navigation Multi-Category Search Recent changes Random page Help Donations. Tools What links here Related changes Special pages Printable version Permanent link Page information. 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Trees which are natural purifiers of air are being felled in large number for various purposes-to get timber to make furniture and other articles, to get wood to be used as fuel in rural homes and hearths, to get forest products like resins and herbs.
Trees which are natural purifiers of air are being felled in large number for various purposes-to get timber to make furniture and other articles, to get wood to be used as fuel in rural homes and hearths, to get forest products like resins and herbs.
It was begunin 1991 with funding from wealthy industrialists andconservative activists David and Charles Koch.
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Proceedings published by WEDC, Univ. of Loughborough, UK. LBNL-43654.